Footnotes
[i] Kristina Bakkær Simonsen, “Does citizenship always further Immigrants’ feeling of belonging to the host nation? A study of policies and public attitudes in 14 Western democracies”, Comparative Migration Studies (2017).
[ii] Ibid.
[iii] Thomas Leibig and Friederike Von Haaren, “Citizenship and the Socio-economic Integration of Immigrants and their Children: An Overview across European Union and OECD Countries”, in Naturalisation: A passport for the better integration of immigrants and their children (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011); Mariña Fernandez-Reino and Madeleine Sumption, “Briefing: Citizenship and naturalisation for migrants in the UK”, The Migration Observatory (2020), 2.
[iv] Home Office, “Control of Immigration: quarterly statistical summary, United Kingdom, quarter 4 2010”, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116022/hosb0910.pdf (2011; Home Office, “How many people continue their stay in the UK or apply to stay permanently?”, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration-statistics-year-ending-june-2020/how-many-people-continue-their-stay-in-the-uk-or-apply-to-stay-permanently#citizenship (2020).
[v] Dr Carlos Vargas-Silva and Dr Cinzia Rienzo, “Briefing: Migrants in the UK: An Overview”, The Migration Observatory (2019), 3; Home Office, “How many people continue their stay in the UK?”, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration-statistics-year-ending-march-2020/how-many-people-continue-their-stay-in-the-uk#citizenship (2020).
[vi] Sam Joiner, Anna Lombardi, Sean O’Neill, “Hostile environment: Home Office makes £500m from immigration”, The Times, 11 August, 2019; Alan Travis, “Immigration fees rising sharply to pay for UK Border Agency cuts”, The Guardian, 28 February, 2011.
[vii] “Paytriotism, Becoming British is a costly business”, The Economist, 18 April, 2015.
[viii] Home Office, “Apply for citizenship if you have ‘permanent residence’ status”, https://www.gov.uk/apply-citizenship-eea.
[ix] Sam Joiner, Anna Lombardi, Sean O’Neill, “Hostile environment: Home Office makes £500m from immigration”, The Times, 11 August, 2019; David Bolt, “An inspection of the policies and practices of the Home Office’s Borders, Immigration and Citizenship Systems relating to charging and fees”, Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/792682/An_inspection_of_the_policies_and_practices_of_the_Home_Office_s_Borders__Immigration_and_Citizenship_Systems_relating_to_charging_and_fees.pdf (2019).
[x] Ethnicity of respondents is allocated into three groups: White British, Other White and BAME. White British refers to respondents who identify in certain ethnic categories: White English, White Welsh, White Scottish and White Irish. Other White refers to White respondents who do not identify as any of the White British categories. BAME people refers to respondents from Black, Asian and other minority ethnic backgrounds.
[xi] Mariña Fernandez-Reino and Madeleine Sumption, ”Citizenship and naturalisation for migrants in the UK”, The Migration Observatory (2020), 13.
[xii] Mariña Fernández-Reino and Madeleine Sumption, “Citizenship and naturalisation for migrants in the UK”, The Migration Observatory (2020).
[xiii] Sam Joiner, Anna Lombardi, Sean O’Neill, “Hostile environment: Home Office makes £500m from immigration”, The Times, 11 August, 2019.
[xiv] Kim Willsher, ”Foreign Covid workers in France to be fast-tracked for nationality”, The Guardian, 15 September, 2020.
[xv] Mariña Fernández-Reino, “Briefing: Children of migrants in the UK”, The Migration Observatory (2020).
[xvi] Ibid.
[xvii] Project for the Registration of Children as British Citizens, ”News and updates”, https://prcbc.org/news-updates/ (2020).
[xviii] Home Office, ”Good character: nationality policy guidance”, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-character-nationality-policy-guidance (2017).
[xix] Join Human Rights Committee, “Good Character Requirements: Draft British Nationality Act 1981 (Remedial) Order 2019 — Second Report”, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201719/jtselect/jtrights/1943/194302.htm (2019).
[xx] Home Office, ”Good character: nationality policy guidance”, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-character-nationality-policy-guidance (2017).
[xxi] Owen Bowcott, ”Home office ’applies good character test to children as young as 10’”, The Guardian, 9 July, 2019.
[xxii] PwC, ”Turkish citizenship by investment”, https://www.pwc.com.tr/turkish-citizenship-by-investment.
[xxiii] Patrick J. Lyons, ”Trump wants to abolish birthright citizenship. Can he do that?”, New York Times, 22 August, 2019.
[xxiv] Kim Willsher, ”Foreign Covid workers in France to be fast-tracked for nationality”, The Guardian, 15 September, 2020.
[xxv] ONS, ”Coronavirus and key workers in the UK”, https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/articles/coronavirusandkeyworkersintheuk/2020-05-15#how-many-key-workers-are-in-your-area (2020).
[xxvi] ONS, ”Coronavirus and non-key workers”, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/coronavirusandnonukkeyworkers/2020-10-08#overview-of-key-workers-and-the-non-uk-population (2020).
[xxvii] Diane Taylor, ”High court says the UK’s £1,012 child citizenship fee is unlawful”, The Guardian, 19 December, 2019.
[xxviii] Project for the Registration of Children as British Citizens, ”News and updates”, https://prcbc.org/news-updates/ (2020).